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National Income Accounting Notes for Class 12 Economics

Please refer to National Income Accounting Notes for Class 12 Economics provided below. These revision notes have been prepared to help you understand and learn all important topics given in your NCERT Book for Class 12 Economics. We have provided Notes for Class 12 Economics for all chapters provided in your textbooks. These concepts, notes, and solved questions have been prepared for Standard 12 Economics by our expert teachers to help you gain more marks in exams and class tests.

Class 12 Economics Chapter 2 National Income Accounting Notes

Please carefully read the National Income Accounting Notes for Class 12 Economics provided below. Use them prior to your exams as this will help you to revise the entire chapter easily. We have also provided MCQ Questions for Class 12 Economics which will be asked in the upcoming exams.

KEY CONCEPTS

  • Macro Economics: Its meaning
  • Consumption goods, capital goods, final goods, intermediate goods, stock and flow, gross investment and depreciation.
  • Circular flow of income
  • Methods of calculation of national income
  • Value added method (product method)
  • Expenditure method
  • Income method
  • Concepts and aggregates related to national income
  • Gross national product
  • Net National product
  • Gross and Net domestic product at market price and at factor cost.
  • National disposable income (Gross and net)
  • Private income
  • Personal income
  • Personal disposable income
  • Real and Nominal GDP
  • GDP and welfare

Macro Economics: – Macroeconomics is the study of aggregate economic variables of an economy.

Consumption goods:- Are those which are bought by consumers as final or ultimate goods to satisfy their wants.
Eg: Durable goods car, television, radio etc.
Non-durable goods and services like fruit, oil, milk, vegetable etc.
Semi durable goods such as crockery etc.

Capital goods – capital goods are those final goods, which are used and help in the process of production of other goods and services. E.g.: plant, machinery etc.

Final goods: Are those goods, which are used either for final consumption or for investment. It includes final consumer goods and final production goods. They are not meant for resale. So, no value is added to these goods. Their value is included in the national income.

Intermediate goods intermediate goods are those goods, which are used either for resale or for further production. Example for intermediate good is- milk used by a tea shop for selling tea.

Stock: – Quantity of an economic variable which is measured at a particular point of time. Stock has no time dimension. Stock is static concept.
Eg: wealth, water in a tank.

Flow: Flow is that quantity of an economic variable, which is measured during the period of time.
Flow has time dimension- like per hr, per day etc.
Flow is a dynamic concept.
Eg: Investment, water in a stream.

Investment: Investment is the net addition made to the existing stock of capital.

Net Investment = Gross investment – depreciation.

Depreciation: – depreciation refers to fall in the value of fixed assets due to normal wear and tear, passage of time and expected obsolescence.

Circular flow in a two sector economy.

National Income Accounting Notes for Class 12 Economics

Producers (firms) and households are the constituents in a two sectors economy. Households give factors of production to firm and firms in turn supply goods and services to households.

Related aggregates

Gross Domestic product at market price
It is the money value of all final goods and services produced during an accounting year with in the domestic territory of a country.

Gross National product at market price:
It is a money value of all final goods and services produced by a country during an accounting year including net factor income from abroad.

Net factor income from abroad:
Difference between the factor incomes earned by our residents from abroad and factor income earned by non-residents with in our country.

Components of Net factor income from abroad

  • Net compensation of employees
  • Net income from property and entrepreneurship (other than retained earnings of resident companies of abroad)
  • Net retained earnings of resident companies abroad

Formulas

  • NNPMp = GNPmp – depreciation
  • NDPMp = GDPmp – depreciation
  • NDPFc = NDPmp – Net indirect taxes (indirect tax – subsidies)
  • GDPFc = NDPfc + depreciation
  • NNPFc = GDPmp – depreciation + Net factor income from abroad – Net indirect taxes
  • (NNPFC is the sum total of factor income earned by normal residents of a country during the accounting year)
  • NNPfc = NDPfc + Net factor income from abroad.

Concept of domestic (economic) territory

Domestic territory is a geographical territory administered by a government within which persons, goods and capital circulate freely. (Areas of operation generating domestic income, freedom of circulation of persons, goods and capital)

Scope identified as

* Political frontiers including territorial waters and air space.
* Embassies, consulates, military bases etc. located abroad but including those locates within the political frontiers.
* Ships, aircrafts etc., operated by the residents between two or more countries.
* Fishing vessels, oil and natural gas rigs etc. operated by the residents in the international waters or other areas over which the country enjoys the exclusive rights or jurisdiction.

Resident (normal resident):-

Normal resident is a person or an institution who ordinarily resides in that country and whose center of economic interest lies in that country.
The Centre of economic interest implies :-
(1) the resident lives or is located within the economic territory.
(2) The resident carries out the basic economic activities of earnings, spending and accumulation from that location 3. His center of interest lies in that country.

Relation between national product and Domestic product.

Domestic product concept is based on the production units located within domestic (economic) territory, operated both by residents and non-residents.
National product concept based on resident and includes their contribution to production both within and outside the economic territory.

National product = Domestic product + Residents contribution to production outside the economic territory (Factor income from abroad) – Non- resident contribution to production inside the economic territory (Factor income to abroad)

Methods of calculation of national income

I – PRODUCT METHOD (Value added method):

  • Sales + change in stock = value of output
  • Change in stock = closing stock – opening stock
  • Value of output – Intermediate consumption = Gross value added (GDPMp)
  • NNP Fc (N.I) = GDPMp (-) consumption of fixed capital (depreciation)
    (+) Net factor income from abroad
    ( -) Net indirect tax.

Income method:

1. Compensation of employees.

2. Operating surplus.

National Income Accounting Notes for Class 12 Economics

3. Mixed income of self-employed.

  • NDP fc = (1) + (2) + (3)
  • NNP fc = NDP fc (+) Net factor income from abroad
  • GNP mp = NDP fc + consumption of fixed capital + Net indirect tax (Indirect tax – subsidy)

Expenditure method:

1. Government final consumption expenditure.

2. Private final consumption expenditure.

3. Net Export.

4. Gross domestic capital formation.

National Income Accounting Notes for Class 12 Economics

NNPfc = GDPmp – consumption of fixed capital + NFIA- Net indirect taxes
Note: If capital formation is given as Net domestic capital formation we arrive at NDPmp.
Capital formation = Investment

CALCULATION OF NATIONAL DISPOSABLE INCOME, PRIVATE INCOME, PERSONAL INCOME AND PERSONAL DISPOSABLE INCOME

National Income Accounting Notes for Class 12 Economics
National Income Accounting Notes for Class 12 Economics

One Marks Questions

Question. Explain the meaning of non-market activities
Answer : Non marketing activities refer to acquiring of many final goods and services not through regular market transactions. E.g. vegetable grown in the backyard of the house.

Question. When will the domestic income be greater than the national income?
Answer : When the net factor income from abroad is negative.

Question. Define nominal GNP
Answer : GNP measured in terms of current market prices is called nominal GNP.

Question. What must be added to domestic factor income to obtain national income?
Answer : Net factor income from abroad.

Question. Define money flow.
Answer : It refers to the flow of money between different sectors of the economy such as firm, household etc. Eg. Flow of factor income from firm to house hold and consumption expenditure from house hold to firm

Question. Define Real GNP.
Answer : GNP computed at constant prices (base year price) is called real GNP.

Question. What is national disposable income?
Answer : It is the income, which is available to the whole economy for spending or disposal NNP Mp + net current transfers from abroad = NDI

Question. Meaning of real flow.
Answer : It refers to the flow of goods and services between different sectors of the economy. Eg. Flow of factor services from household to firm and flow of goods and services from firm to household.

Three/Four Questions

Question. Explain the main steps involved in measuring national income through product method
Answer : a) Classify the producing units into industrial sectors like primary, secondary and tertiary sectors.
b) Estimate the net value added at the factor cost.
c) Estimate value of output by sales + change in stock
d) Estimate gross value added by value of output – intermediate consumption
e) Deduct depreciation and net indirect tax from gross value added at market price to arrive at net value added at factor cost = NDPFc
f) Add net factor income received from abroad to NDPFc to obtain NNPFC which is national income

Question. ‘Machine purchased is always a final good’ do you agree? Give reason for your answer
Answer : Whether machine is a final good or it depends on how it is being used (end use). If machine is bought by a household, then it is a final good. If machine is bought by a firm for its own use, then also it is a final good. If the machine is bought by a firm for resale then it is an intermediate good.

Question. Explain the steps involved in calculation of national income through income method
Answer : a) Classify the producing enterprises into industrial sectors like primary, secondary and tertiary.
b) Estimate the following factor income paid out by the producing units in each sector i.e.
*Compensation of employees
*Operating surplus
*Mixed income of self employed
c) Take the sum of the factor income by all the industrial sectors to arrive at the NDPFc (Which is called domestic income)
d) Add net factor income from abroad to the net domestic product at factor cost to arrive at the net national product at factor cost.

Question. Distinguish between GDPMp and GNPFC
Answer : The difference between both arise due to (1) Net factor income from abroad. and 2) Net indirect taxes. In GDPMp Net factor income from abroad is not included but it includes net indirect taxes.
GNPFC = GDPMp + net factor income from abroad – net indirect taxes

Question. Explain the main steps involved in measuring national income through expenditure method.
Answer : a) Classify the economic units incurring final expenditure into distant groups like households, government, firms etc.
b) Estimate the following expenditure on final products by all economic units
• Private final consumption expenditure
• Government final consumption expenditure
• Gross domestic capital formation
• Net export
(Sum total of above gives GDPMp)
c) Deduct depreciation, net indirect taxes to get NDPFc
d) Add net factor income from abroad to NDPFc to arrive at NNPFC.

Question. What is double counting? How can it be avoided?
Answer : Counting the value of commodities at every stage of production more than one time is called double counting.
It can be avoided by
a) taking value added method in the calculation of the national income.
b) By taking the value of final commodity only while calculating N.I

Question. Precautions to be taken while calculating national income through income method.
Answer : a) Income from owner occupied house to be included.
b) Wages & salaries in cash and kind both to be included.
c) Transfer income should not be included
d) Interest on loans taken for production only to be included. Interest on loan taken for consumption expenditure is non-factor income and so not included.

Question. Distinguish between personal income and private income
Answer : Personal income: -It is the sum total of earned income and transfer incomes received by persons from all sources within and outside the country.
Personal income = private income – corporate tax –corporate savings (undistributed profit) Private income consists of factor income and transfer income received from all sources by private sectors within and outside the country.

Question. Write down the limitations of using GDP as an index of welfare of a country
Answer : 1) The national income figures give no indications of the population, skill and resources of the country. A country may be having high national income but it may be consumed by the increasing population, so that the level of people’s wellbeing or welfare standard of living remains low.
2) High N. I may be due to greater area of the country or due to the concentration of some resources in out particular country.
3) National income does not consider the level of prices of the country. People may be having income but may not be able to enjoy high standard of living due to high prices.
4) High N. I may be due to the large contribution made by a few industrialists
5) Level of unemployment is not taken into account.
6) National income does not care to reduce ecological degradation. Due to excess of economic activity which leads to ecological degradation reduces the welfare of the people. Hence GNP and economic welfare are not positively related. Income in GNP does not bring about increase in economic welfare.

Question. What are the precautions to be taken while calculating national income through product method (value added method)
Answer : a) Avoid double counting of production, take only value added by each production unit.
b) The output produced for self-consumption to be included
c) The sale & purchase of second hand goods should not be included.
d) Value of intermediate consumption should not be included
e) The value of services rendered in sales must be included.

Question. Distinguish between nominal GNP and real GNP
Answer : Nominal GNP is measured at current prices. Since this aggregate measures the value of goods and services at current year prices, GNP will change when volume of product changes or price changes or when both changes.
Real GNP is computed at the constant prices. Under real GNP, value is expressed in terms of prices prevailing in the base year. This measure takes only quantity changes. Real GNP is the indicator of real income level in the economy.

Six Marks Questions

Question. How will you treat the following while estimating domestic product of India?
a) Rent received by resident Indian from his property in Singapore.
No, it will not be included in domestic product as this income is earned outside the economic territory of India.
b) Salaries of Indians working in Japanese Embassy in India
It will not be included in domestic product of India as embassy of Japan is not a part of economic territory of India.
c) Profits earned by branch of American bank in India.
Yes, it is included as part of domestic product since the branch of American bank is located within the economic territory of India.
d) Salaries paid to Koreans working in the Indian embassy in Korea
Yes, it will be part of domestic product of India because the income is earned within the economic territory of India. Indian embassy in Korea is a part of economic territory of India.

Question. State whether following is true or false. Give reason for your answer.
a) Capital formation is a flow
True, because it is measured over a period of time.
b) Bread is always a consumer good.
False, it depends upon the end use of bread. When it is purchased by a household it is a consumer good. When purchased by restaurant for making sandwich, it is an intermediate (producer) good.
c) Nominal GDP can never be less that real GDP
False. Nominal GDP can be less than the real GDP when the prices in the base year is more than the current year.
d) Gross domestic capital formation is always greater than gross fixed capital formation.
False, gross domestic capital formation can be less than gross fixed capital formation if change in stock is negative.

Question. Are the following item included in the estimating a country‘s national income? Give reason.
Answer : 1) Free cloth given to workers: free cloth given to worker is a part of wages in kind i.e. compensation to employee such compensation to employee is paid for the productive services in the economy, it is included in the national income.
2) Commission paid to dealer in old car: commission paid to dealer in old car is included in the estimation of national income because it is the income of the dealer for his productive services to various parties.
3) Growing vegetable in a kitchen garden of the house: growing vegetable in a kitchen garden of the house amount to production, though not for sale for self-consumption. It is included in the national income because it adds to the production of goods.

Question. Why are exports included in the estimation of domestic product by the expenditure method? Can the gross domestic product be greater than the gross national product? Explain
Answer : Expenditure method estimates expenditure on domestic product i.e., expenditure on final goods and services produced within the economic territory of the country. It includes expenditure by residents and non-residents both. Exports though purchased by non residents are produced within the economic territory and therefore a part of domestic product. Domestic product can be greater than national product, if the factor income paid to the rest of the world is greater than the factor income received from the rest of the world i.e, when net factor income received from abroad is negative.

Question. How are the following treated in estimating national income from expenditure method? Give reason.
Answer : a) Purchase of new car by a household: purchase of car is included in the national income because it is final consumption expenditure, which is part of national income.
b) Purchase of raw material by purchase unit: purchase of raw material by purchase unit is not included in the national income because raw material is intermediate goods and intermediate goods and service are excluded from the national income. Purchase of raw material, if included in national income will result in double counting.
c) Expenditure by the government on scholarship to student is not included in the national income because it is a transfer payment and no productive service is rendered by the student in exchange.

NATIONAL INCOME – NUMERICALS

Question. From the following data, calculate:

National Income Accounting Notes for Class 12 Economics


(a) Gross national Disposable Income
(b) Private Income
(c) Personal Disposable Income

Answer : a) GNDI = 1 + 2 -3 + 6 + 4
700 + 60 – 10 + 45 + 40= 805 -10 + 40 GNDI = 835 crores
b) Private Income = 1 – 5 -10 + 6 +11
700 – 50 -25 + 45 +70
Private Income = 740 crores
c) PDI = Private Income – 14 – 9 – 8
740 – 35 – 60 – 50
PDI = 594 crores

Question. Calculate Gross Domestic Product at Market Price by
(a) Production Method and
(b) Income Method

National Income Accounting Notes for Class 12 Economics

Answer : GDPMP by Production method
(b) (i) + (ii) + (iii) – a (i) + (ii) + ( iii) = value added
(1000+ 900 + 700) – (500 -400-400)
2600 – 1300 = 1300 crores Value added at MP (GDPMP)
Income method
Compensation of employees + operating surplus + mixed income = NDPFC
= 400 + 300 + 550 = 1250 crores
GDPMP = NDPFC + conspn of fixed capital + net In. tax
= 1250+ 40 + 10
GDPMP =1300

Question. Calculate Gross National Disposable Income from the following data:

National Income Accounting Notes for Class 12 Economics

Answer : GNDI = 1 + 5 + 2 + 3
2000 + 250 + 200 + 100
GNDI = 2550 crores

Question. Calculate Gross National Disposable Income from the following.

National Income Accounting Notes for Class 12 Economics

Answer : GNDI= (a) + (b) +(c) + (e)
= 2000 + 200 + 100 + 250
GNDI = 2550 crores

Question. CALCULATE NNP AT MARKET PRICE BY PRODUCTION METHOD AND INCOME METHOD

National Income Accounting Notes for Class 12 Economics

Answer : NNPMP by Production method
(2) Value of output – (1) Intermediate conspn = value added at MP
(2) a + b+ c – (1) a + b + c
1000 + 900 + 700 – 500 + 400 + 300
2600 – 1200
1400 = GDPMP
NNPMP = GDPMP – (9) + (7)
= 1400 – 40 + (-20)
NNPMP = 1340
Income Method:
NNPMP = (4) + (5) + (6) + (10) + (7)
= 400 + 650 + 300 + 10 + (-20)
NNPMP = 1350 + 10 – 20

Question. ESTIMATE NATIONAL INCOME BY
(a) EXPENDITURE METHOD
(b) INCOME METHOD FROM THE FOLLOWING

National Income Accounting Notes for Class 12 Economics

Answer : National Income (NNPFC)
Expenditure Method
(1) + (2) + (3) + (4) = NDPMP
210 + 50 + 40 + (-5) = 295
NNPFC = NDPMP + factor Income from abroad – net Indirect tax ( Indirect tax – subsidy)
295 + 3 – (30 -5)
295 + 3 – 25
= 298 – 25 = 273
NNPFC= 273 crores
Income method:
(5) + (6) + (7) + (8) + (11) + (15)
170 + 10 + 45 + 20 + 10 + 15
= 270 (NDPFC)
NDPFC = NDPFC + FIFA
= 270 + 3= 273 crores

Question. Calculate Value Added at factor cost from the following

National Income Accounting Notes for Class 12 Economics

Answer : Sales + Δ in stock = value of output
200 + (cl. St – op. st)
200 + (10 -15)
= 200 -5=195
Value of output – intermediate consumption
= value added at MP
195-48 = 147
V.A at FC = V.A at MP – Net indirect tax
147 – 20
127 crores

Question. FROM THE FOLLOWING DATA CALCULATE
(a) NATIONAL INCOME
(b) PERSONAL DISPOSIBLE INCOME

National Income Accounting Notes for Class 12 Economics

Answer : NNPFC (N. I) = (5) + (9) + (4) + (1) + (2)
1000 + 250+ 800 + 500 + 200
NDPFC = 2750 crores
NNPFC = NDPFC + (7)
= 2750 + (-50)
NNPFc = 2700 crores
PDI = (3) – (8) – (11) – (13)
2000 – 150 – 100 -120
PDI = 2000 – 370 = 1630 crores

Question. CALCULATE GNP at FACTOR COST BY INCOME METHOD AND EXPENDITURE METHOD.

National Income Accounting Notes for Class 12 Economics

Answer : GNPFC by Income method
GNPFC = 4 + 3 + 5 + 8 + 10 + 7
800 + 400 +250 + 150 + (-10) + 60
GNPFC = 1650 crores
GNPFC by Expenditure Method
GNPFC = 1 + 2 + 6 + 10 + 11 -12 + 7
= 1000 + 200 + 500 + (-10) + (-20) -80 + 60
= 1700 -110 + 60
GNPFC = 1650 crores

Question. Calculate Net National Disposable Income from the Following Data:

National Income Accounting Notes for Class 12 Economics

Answer : NNDI = 1 + 2 + 3 -4
800 + 50 + 70 -60
= 860 crores

Question. Calculate private income

National Income Accounting Notes for Class 12 Economics

Answer : Private Income = 1 + 2+ 3 + 4 + 5
250 + 40 + 10 + 20 + 5
= 325 crores

Question. CALCULATE NATIONAL INCOME AND GROSS NATIONAL DISPOSABLE INCOME FROM THE FOLLOWING DATA.

National Income Accounting Notes for Class 12 Economics

Answer : National Income (NNPFC)
= (4) + (6) + (2) + (7) + (3) = NDPMP
= 200 + 600 + 100 + 10 + (-20)
= 910 -20 = 890
NDPMP = 890 crores
NNPFC = NDPMP + (8) – (1)
= 890 + 5 -5
NNPFC = 890
Depreciation = (9) – (2)
125 – 100 = 25 crores
GNDI = NNPFC + Net Indirect Tax + Net Current transfers from abroad + depreciation
= 890 = 05+ 15 + 25
GNDI = 935 crores

Question. CALCULATE NET NATIONAL DISPOSABLE INCOME AND PERSONAL INCOME FROM THE FOLLOWING DATA

National Income Accounting Notes for Class 12 Economics

Answer : NDPfc = (2) + (4) + (6)
400 + 200 + 500 = 1100 crores
NNDI = NDPfc + (12) + (1) + (11)
=1100 + (-50) + 90 + 20
NNDI = 1210 – 50
= 1160 crores
Personal Income
Private Income = NDPFC –(8) – (10)
1160 -40 – 30=1090 crores
1090 + 7 + 9 +11 +12
1090 + 70 + 60 + 20 + (-50) = 1190 crores
Personal income = Private Income – Corporation Profit Tax – Savings of private corporate sectors
1190 – 80 – 20= 1090 crores

Question. Calculate (a) Net National Product at MP, and (b) Gross National Disposable Income

National Income Accounting Notes for Class 12 Economics

Answer : (a) + (e) + (g) + (-i) = NDPMP
200 + 50+ 30 -10
280 -10 = 270 crores
NNPMP = NDPMP + NFIFA
270 + 5 = 275
NNPMP + 275 crores
GNDI = NNPPC + NFIFA + Net indirect taxes + Net current transfers from abroad + Depreciation (comp of fixed capital)
NNPMP – net in tax = 275 – 20 =255 crores
GNDI = 255 + 20 + 5 + (-10) + 15
= 295 – 10 = 285 crores
GNDI = 285 crores

Question. CALCULATE FROM THE FOLLOWING DATA
(A) PRIVATE INCOME
(B) PERSONAL INCOME
(C) PERSONAL DISPOSABLE INCOME.

National Income Accounting Notes for Class 12 Economics

Answer : Private Income = 1 + 5 + 7 -9 + 10 + 12
300 + 20 + 15 -30 + 40 + 05
Private Income = 350 crores
Personal Income = Private income – 8 – 13
= 350 – 25 – 80
Personal Income = 245 crores
PDI = Personal Income – 11
245 – 20
PDI = 225 crores

Question. Calculate Net National Disposable Income from the following data.

National Income Accounting Notes for Class 12 Economics

Answer : NNDI = GDPMP – consumption of fixed capital + Net FIFA + Net current transfer from abroad
= 1000- 100 + 50 + (-20)
= 880 + 50 = 930 crores

Question. CALCULATE PRIVATE INCOME AND PERSONAL DISPOSABLE INCOME FROM THE FOLLOWING DATA

National Income Accounting Notes for Class 12 Economics

Answer : Private Income = 1 – 2- 3 + 5 + 9
5050 – 500 – 100 + 200 + 80
5430 – 500
Private Income = 4930 crores
PDI = Private Income – 4 -10 -7
4930 -80 -500 -150
PDI = 4200 crores

National Income Accounting Notes for Class 12 Economics

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